Choosing a Corporate Structure for Your Business
If you’ve decided to start your own business, your first two decisions are likely going to be “What are you going to name it?” and “How are you going to structure it?” Depending on the nature of your business and your partners, your structure choices range from a sole proprietorship all the way to a full-blown corporation. Here are five common types of business entities and what you need to know about each one.
Sole Proprietorship
If you decide to do business without creating a specific organizational structure, you are essentially operating as a sole proprietorship. Many sole proprietors choose to file a DBA (“Doing Business As”), which lets them legally transact business through a business name of their choice (“Flowers by Mary”) rather than their personal legal name (“Mary Smith”).
Business owners who feel they are at low legal risk and want to avoid the cost and hassle of setting up, registering and maintaining a formal business entity.
High.
Because the owner and the business are considered one and the same for legal purposes, you can be held personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.
Any net income you earn from the business is fully taxable at the same tax rates as wages or retirement income. You may be eligible for the Qualified Business Income deduction, which allows you to exclude up to 20% of the business income from tax.
Income from a sole proprietorship is reported on Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business and included in your personal tax return. There is no separate return to file, making the tax reporting relatively simple.
Raising money can be a challenge: There is no company stock to sell, and banks may be reluctant to lend to sole proprietors. Because sole proprietors are not registered with the state or IRS, you might also have a hard time building credit. Plus some sole proprietors have difficulty establishing boundaries between their personal finances and their business finances.
C Corporation / C Corp
A C Corporation, usually shortened to C Corp, is the exact opposite of a sole proprietorship. It’s a legal entity that’s separate from its owner and can have multiple owners (or shareholders), elect directors, write bylaws and appoint officers that run the company. It pays its own taxes but also provides the highest level of liability protection for owners.
Corporations can be a good choice for medium- or high-risk businesses as well as those that need to raise money. If you want to be in a position to someday sell your business — or go public! — a C Corp might be your best choice. As the owner, you also give up some degree of control to the board of directors, which will be responsible for all the company’s major decisions.
Low.
While corporations can get sued, the owner’s personal assets are typically not at risk. Most publicly traded businesses are C corps, and the maximum loss a shareholder can incur is what they paid for their stock.
C Corps are typically the least tax-efficient form of business. A C Corp pays tax on the net income earned by the business at a flat 21% tax rate. While that may seem low compared to the top individual tax rate of 37%, that income is trapped inside the business – when the remaining 79% of its income is distributed to the owners as a dividend, it’s taxed again at a rate as high as 23.8%. In other words, C Corp income is taxed twice, at an effective rate that can reach nearly 40%.
A C Corp files its own tax return using Form 1120. Its income has no impact on the owner’s personal tax liability, unless that income is passed out to owners as a dividend.
Forming a corporation costs more than it does other business entities, and corporations tend to require more extensive record-keeping, operational processes and financial reporting. On the other hand, C Corps are ideal for businesses that plan to have an unlimited number of owners, transfer shares easily and reinvest profits back into the business.
S Corporation / S Corp
An S Corporation is a unique form of entity that combines many of the best aspects of both a sole proprietorship and a C Corporation. While there are restrictions on ownership and other issues, many business owners appreciate an S Corp's liability protection and tax efficiency.
S Corporations are for business owners who want the liability protection of the corporate business structure but also a single level of tax on business income.
Low.
S Corps are designed to provide owners a higher level of personal liability protection, just like C Corps. An owner’s personal liability is generally limited to their investment in the S Corp stock.
An S Corp is considered a “pass through” entity, meaning it doesn’t pay any tax itself. Instead, each owner reports their share of the business’s income on their own personal return. As a result, this entity avoids the double-taxation of a C Corp. In addition, you may also be able to take advantage of the Qualified Business Income deduction, just like a sole proprietor.
An S Corp files its own tax return, using Form 1120-S. However, because the business doesn’t pay any tax itself, it issues a report to each owner (called a Schedule K-1) that lists their share of the business’s income. You must wait to file your own return until you receive your K-1 so you know how much business income to report. Owners of an S Corp who also work for the company are required to pay themselves a salary and issue themselves a W-2 for tax purposes, although that income is then deductible by the company.
S Corporations are very limited in the number and types of owners they can have, so entities with many owners may not be eligible to elect S treatment. However, S Corps provide a bit more flexible structure than C Corporations while avoiding double-taxation, so these structures are relatively popular among business owners.
Limited Liability Company
Limited liability companies, or LLCs, actually are entities created under laws determined by individual states, though the rules are largely uniform. They typically are easy to create and manage and offer owners great flexibility.
An LLC is good for any business owner looking for a more informal structure but still concerned about protecting personal assets from business liabilities.
Potentially high.
While an LLC can be useful in protecting your personal assets from the actions of an employee or a co-owner, an LLC owned by just one person (a “single-member” LLC) offers only limited protection from their own business decisions.
One of the great flexibilities of an LLC is that the entity elects how it chooses to be taxed. Single-member LLCs default to sole proprietorship treatment, meaning the income is taxed directly to you. However, LLCs can also be taxed as a C Corporation and pay the flat 21% tax, though more typically they would then elect S Corporation treatment. Whatever the tax treatment, the liability protections of the LLC remain the same.
The LLC will report its income according to the tax structure it elects. If it’s a sole proprietor, the owner will file a Schedule C. If it elects corporate tax treatment, it will file a separate return and either pay tax itself or pass the income through to the owner. If it elects sole proprietorship or S Corp status, the income may be eligible for the Qualified Business Income deduction as well.
From a reputational standpoint, establishing an LLC tends to give you more credibility with customers as it signals you intend to be around a while. You might also have an easier time raising capital and have more flexibility in how you structure and run the business, share profits and keep your accounting records.
Partnerships
A partnership is the simplest structure for two or more people to own a business together. One variation, a Family Limited Partnership (FLP), allows family members to not just run their business in the present day but to help ensure its survival into future generations.
Partnerships work well for a group of professionals such as doctors, lawyers, or architects, where each member has a role in running the business. For family-owned operations, an FLP is especially well suited for a business with multiple partners and owners coming from the same family.
Potentially high.
Every partner is personally liable for any company debts and responsibilities. If the business incurs debts it cannot pay, creditors can seize the partners' personal assets to cover that debt. If that’s a concern for you, you might consider a limited liability partnership (LLP) structure, in which the owners are generally not personally liable for the business’ debts.
A partnership does not pay income tax itself, but rather passes through any profits or losses to its partners. The partners are treated as owners rather than employees.
Each partner reports their share of the partnership's income or loss via Form 1065 on their personal tax return.
A limited partnership can be especially beneficial if there’s a partner who takes the lead in running the business but has partner-investors who play a more limited role. If you have a business you want to pass down to subsequent generations, the tax advantages of an FLP can be especially valuable.
So which structure is right for you? That will depend on several factors, including the kind of products or services you provide, how much flexibility you need in your business plan and your thoughts for growing your company in the coming years. Your Baird Financial Advisor can help you navigate the financial complexity that comes with starting up a new business.
Editor’s Note: This article was originally published November 2019 and was updated April 2023 with more information.
The information reflected on this page are Baird expert opinions today and are subject to change. The information provided here has not taken into consideration the investment goals or needs of any specific investor and investors should not make any investment decisions based solely on this information. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. All investments have some level of risk, and investors have different time horizons, goals and risk tolerances, so speak to your Baird Financial Advisor before taking action.
